Next: Getting information about the model, Previous: Other general declarations, Up: The Model file [Contents][Index]
There are two ways of computing the steady state (i.e. the static equilibrium) of a model. The first way is to let Dynare compute the steady state using a nonlinear Newton-type solver; this should work for most models, and is relatively simple to use. The second way is to give more guidance to Dynare, using your knowledge of the model, by providing it with a “steady state file”.
• Finding the steady state with Dynare nonlinear solver: | ||
• Using a steady state file: | ||
• Replace some equations during steady state computations: |
Next: Using a steady state file, Up: Steady state [Contents][Index]
Description
This command computes the steady state of a model using a nonlinear
Newton-type solver and displays it. When a steady state file is used steady
displays the steady state and checks that it is a solution of the static model.
More precisely, it computes the equilibrium value of the endogenous
variables for the value of the exogenous variables specified in the
previous initval
or endval
block.
steady
uses an iterative procedure and takes as initial guess
the value of the endogenous variables set in the previous
initval
or endval
block.
For complicated models, finding good numerical initial values for the endogenous variables is the trickiest part of finding the equilibrium of that model. Often, it is better to start with a smaller model and add new variables one by one.
Options
maxit = INTEGER
Determines the maximum number of iterations used in the non-linear solver. The
default value of maxit
is 50.
tolf = DOUBLE
Convergence criterion for termination based on the function value. Iteration will cease when the residuals are smaller
than tolf
. Default: eps^(1/3)
solve_algo = INTEGER
Determines the non-linear solver to use. Possible values for the option are:
0
Use fsolve
(under MATLAB, only available if you have the
Optimization Toolbox; always available under Octave)
1
Use Dynare’s own nonlinear equation solver (a Newton-like algorithm with line-search)
2
Splits the model into recursive blocks and solves each block in turn
using the same solver as value 1
3
Use Chris Sims’ solver
4
Splits the model into recursive blocks and solves each block in turn using a trust-region solver with autoscaling.
5
Newton algorithm with a sparse Gaussian elimination (SPE) (requires
bytecode
option, see Model declaration)
6
Newton algorithm with a sparse LU solver at each iteration (requires
bytecode
and/or block
option, see Model declaration)
7
Newton algorithm with a Generalized Minimal Residual (GMRES) solver at
each iteration (requires bytecode
and/or block
option,
see Model declaration; not available under Octave)
8
Newton algorithm with a Stabilized Bi-Conjugate Gradient (BICGSTAB)
solver at each iteration (requires bytecode
and/or block
option, see Model declaration)
9
Trust-region algorithm on the entire model.
10
Levenberg-Marquardt mixed complementarity problem (LMMCP) solver (Kanzow and Petra 2004)
11
PATH mixed complementarity problem solver of Ferris and Munson (1999). The complementarity
conditions are specified with an mcp
equation tag, see lmmcp. Dynare only provides the interface
for using the solver. Due to licence restrictions, you have to download the solver’s most current version yourself
from http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ferris/path.html and place it in Matlab’s search path.
Default value is 4
.
homotopy_mode = INTEGER
Use a homotopy (or divide-and-conquer) technique to solve for the
steady state. If you use this option, you must specify a
homotopy_setup
block. This option can take three possible
values:
1
In this mode, all the parameters are changed simultaneously, and the
distance between the boundaries for each parameter is divided in as
many intervals as there are steps (as defined by homotopy_steps
option); the problem is solves as many times as there are steps.
2
Same as mode 1
, except that only one parameter is changed at a
time; the problem is solved as many times as steps times number of
parameters.
3
Dynare tries first the most extreme values. If it fails to compute the
steady state, the interval between initial and desired values is
divided by two for all parameters. Every time that it is impossible to
find a steady state, the previous interval is divided by two. When it
succeeds to find a steady state, the previous interval is multiplied
by two. In that last case homotopy_steps
contains the maximum
number of computations attempted before giving up.
homotopy_steps = INTEGER
Defines the number of steps when performing a homotopy. See
homotopy_mode
option for more details.
homotopy_force_continue = INTEGER
This option controls what happens when homotopy fails.
0
steady
fails with an error message
1
steady
keeps the values of the last homotopy step that was
successful and continues. BE CAREFUL: parameters and/or exogenous
variables are NOT at the value expected by the user
Default is 0
.
nocheck
Don’t check the steady state values when they are provided explicitly either by a steady state file or a steady_state_model
block. This is useful for models with unit roots as, in this case, the steady state is not unique or doesn’t exist.
markowitz = DOUBLE
Value of the Markowitz criterion, used to select the pivot. Only used
when solve_algo = 5
. Default: 0.5
.
Example
After computation, the steady state is available in the following variable:
Contains the computed steady state.
Endogenous variables are ordered in order of declaration used in
var
command (which is also the order used in M_.endo_names
).
Description
This block is used to declare initial and final values when using
a homotopy method. It is used in conjunction with the option
homotopy_mode
of the steady
command.
The idea of homotopy (also called divide-and-conquer by some authors) is to subdivide the problem of finding the steady state into smaller problems. It assumes that you know how to compute the steady state for a given set of parameters, and it helps you finding the steady state for another set of parameters, by incrementally moving from one to another set of parameters.
The purpose of the homotopy_setup
block is to declare the final
(and possibly also the initial) values for the parameters or exogenous
that will be changed during the homotopy. It should contain lines of
the form:
VARIABLE_NAME, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION;
This syntax specifies the initial and final values of a given parameter/exogenous.
There is an alternative syntax:
VARIABLE_NAME, EXPRESSION;
Here only the final value is specified for a given
parameter/exogenous; the initial value is taken from the preceeding
initval
block.
A necessary condition for a successful homotopy is that Dynare must be
able to solve the steady state for the initial parameters/exogenous
without additional help (using the guess values given in the
initval
block).
If the homotopy fails, a possible solution is to increase the number
of steps (given in homotopy_steps
option of steady
).
Example
In the following example, Dynare will first compute the steady state
for the initial values (gam=0.5
and x=1
), and then
subdivide the problem into 50 smaller problems to find the steady
state for the final values (gam=2
and x=2
).
var c k; varexo x; parameters alph gam delt bet aa; alph=0.5; delt=0.02; aa=0.5; bet=0.05; model; c + k - aa*x*k(-1)^alph - (1-delt)*k(-1); c^(-gam) - (1+bet)^(-1)*(aa*alph*x(+1)*k^(alph-1) + 1 - delt)*c(+1)^(-gam); end; initval; x = 1; k = ((delt+bet)/(aa*x*alph))^(1/(alph-1)); c = aa*x*k^alph-delt*k; end; homotopy_setup; gam, 0.5, 2; x, 2; end; steady(homotopy_mode = 1, homotopy_steps = 50);
Next: Replace some equations during steady state computations, Previous: Finding the steady state with Dynare nonlinear solver, Up: Steady state [Contents][Index]
If you know how to compute the steady state for your model, you can
provide a MATLAB/Octave function doing the computation instead of
using steady
. Again, there are two options for doing that:
steady_state_model
block, which
is described below in more details. See also fs2000.mod in the
examples directory for an example.
The steady state file generated by Dynare will be called FILENAME_steadystate2.m.
Note that both files allow to update parameters in each call of the function. This allows for example to calibrate a model to a labor supply of 0.2 in steady state by setting the labor disutility parameter to a corresponding value (see NK_baseline_steadystate.m in the examples directory). They can also be used in estimation where some parameter may be a function of an estimated parameter and needs to be updated for every parameter draw. For example, one might want to set the capital utilization cost parameter as a function of the discount rate to ensure that capacity utilization is 1 in steady state. Treating both parameters as independent or not updating one as a function of the other would lead to wrong results. But this also means that care is required. Do not accidentally overwrite your parameters with new values as it will lead to wrong results.
Description
When the analytical solution of the model is known, this command can be used to help Dynare find the steady state in a more efficient and reliable way, especially during estimation where the steady state has to be recomputed for every point in the parameter space.
Each line of this block consists of a variable (either an endogenous, a temporary variable or a parameter) which is assigned an expression (which can contain parameters, exogenous at the steady state, or any endogenous or temporary variable already declared above). Each line therefore looks like:
VARIABLE_NAME = EXPRESSION;
Note that it is also possible to assign several variables at the same time, if the main function in the right hand side is a MATLAB/Octave function returning several arguments:
[ VARIABLE_NAME, VARIABLE_NAME… ] = EXPRESSION;
Dynare will automatically generate a steady state file (of the form FILENAME_steadystate2.m) using the information provided in this block.
Steady state file for deterministic models
steady_state_model
block works also with deterministic
models. An initval
block and, when necessary, an endval
block, is used to set the value of the exogenous variables. Each
initval
or endval
block must be followed by steady
to execute the function created by steady_state_model
and set the
initial, respectively terminal, steady state.
Example
var m P c e W R k d n l gy_obs gp_obs y dA; varexo e_a e_m; parameters alp bet gam mst rho psi del; … // parameter calibration, (dynamic) model declaration, shock calibration… … steady_state_model; dA = exp(gam); gst = 1/dA; // A temporary variable m = mst; // Three other temporary variables khst = ( (1-gst*bet*(1-del)) / (alp*gst^alp*bet) )^(1/(alp-1)); xist = ( ((khst*gst)^alp - (1-gst*(1-del))*khst)/mst )^(-1); nust = psi*mst^2/( (1-alp)*(1-psi)*bet*gst^alp*khst^alp ); n = xist/(nust+xist); P = xist + nust; k = khst*n; l = psi*mst*n/( (1-psi)*(1-n) ); c = mst/P; d = l - mst + 1; y = k^alp*n^(1-alp)*gst^alp; R = mst/bet; // You can use MATLAB functions which return several arguments [W, e] = my_function(l, n); gp_obs = m/dA; gy_obs = dA; end; steady;
Previous: Using a steady state file, Up: Steady state [Contents][Index]
When there is no steady state file, Dynare computes the steady state by solving the static model, i.e. the model from the .mod file from which leads and lags have been removed.
In some specific cases, one may want to have more control over the way this static model is created. Dynare therefore offers the possibility to explicitly give the form of equations that should be in the static model.
More precisely, if an equation is prepended by a [static]
tag,
then it will appear in the static model used for steady state
computation, but that equation will not be used for other
computations. For every equation tagged in this way, you must tag
another equation with [dynamic]
: that equation will not be used
for steady state computation, but will be used for other computations.
This functionality can be useful on models with a unit root, where
there is an infinity of steady states. An equation (tagged
[dynamic]
) would give the law of motion of the nonstationary
variable (like a random walk). To pin down one specific steady state,
an equation tagged [static]
would affect a constant value to
the nonstationary variable.
Example
This is a trivial example with two endogenous variables. The second equation takes a different form in the static model.
var c k; varexo x; … model; c + k - aa*x*k(-1)^alph - (1-delt)*k(-1); [dynamic] c^(-gam) - (1+bet)^(-1)*(aa*alph*x(+1)*k^(alph-1) + 1 - delt)*c(+1)^(-gam); [static] k = ((delt+bet)/(x*aa*alph))^(1/(alph-1)); end;
Previous: Using a steady state file, Up: Steady state [Contents][Index]